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<title>Writing Automated Tests</title>
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<h1 id="writing-automated-tests"><a class="header" href="#writing-automated-tests">Writing Automated Tests</a></h1>
<p>In his 1972 essay “The Humble Programmer,” Edsger W. Dijkstra said that “program
testing can be a very effective way to show the presence of bugs, but it is
hopelessly inadequate for showing their absence.” That doesn’t mean we shouldn’t
try to test as much as we can!</p>
<p><em>Correctness</em> in our programs is the extent to which our code does what we
intend it to do. Rust is designed with a high degree of concern about the
correctness of programs, but correctness is complex and not easy to prove.
Rust’s type system shoulders a huge part of this burden, but the type system
cannot catch everything. As such, Rust includes support for writing automated
software tests.</p>
<p>Say we write a function <code>add_two</code> that adds 2 to whatever number is passed to
it. This function’s signature accepts an integer as a parameter and returns an
integer as a result. When we implement and compile that function, Rust does all
the type checking and borrow checking that you’ve learned so far to ensure
that, for instance, we aren’t passing a <code>String</code> value or an invalid reference
to this function. But Rust <em>can’t</em> check that this function will do precisely
what we intend, which is return the parameter plus 2 rather than, say, the
parameter plus 10 or the parameter minus 50! That’s where tests come in.</p>
<p>We can write tests that assert, for example, that when we pass <code>3</code> to the
<code>add_two</code> function, the returned value is <code>5</code>. We can run these tests whenever
we make changes to our code to make sure any existing correct behavior has not
changed.</p>
<p>Testing is a complex skill: Although we can’t cover in one chapter every detail
about how to write good tests, in this chapter we will discuss the mechanics of
Rust’s testing facilities. We’ll talk about the annotations and macros
available to you when writing your tests, the default behavior and options
provided for running your tests, and how to organize tests into unit tests and
integration tests.</p>
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