dewey/docs-rust
1
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull Requests Actions Packages Projects Releases Wiki Activity

build: 2026-06-22

Browse Source
This commit is contained in:
Aditya Gupta
2026-06-22 21:17:36 +05:30
commit dbddc0ce2d
202 changed files with 97026 additions and 0 deletions
Download Patch File Download Diff File Expand all files Collapse all files

350
build/ch19-02-refutability.html Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,350 @@
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html lang="en" class="light sidebar-visible" dir="ltr">
<head>
<!-- Book generated using mdBook -->
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Refutability: Whether a Pattern Might Fail to Match - The Rust Programming Language</title>
<!-- Custom HTML head -->
<meta name="description" content="">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff">
<link rel="icon" href="favicon-de23e50b.svg">
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="favicon-8114d1fc.png">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/variables-8adf115d.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/general-0392ca55.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/chrome-fc474251.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/print-9e4910d8.css" media="print">
<!-- Fonts -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="fonts/fonts-9644e21d.css">
<!-- Highlight.js Stylesheets -->
<link rel="stylesheet" id="mdbook-highlight-css" href="highlight-493f70e1.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="mdbook-tomorrow-night-css" href="tomorrow-night-4c0ae647.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="mdbook-ayu-highlight-css" href="ayu-highlight-3fdfc3ac.css">
<!-- Custom theme stylesheets -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="ferris-d33b75bf.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="theme/2018-edition-4e126c62.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="theme/semantic-notes-9b5766c0.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="theme/listing-cab26221.css">
<!-- Provide site root and default themes to javascript -->
<script>
const path_to_root = "";
const default_light_theme = "light";
const default_dark_theme = "navy";
window.path_to_searchindex_js = "searchindex-6a1da8cc.js";
</script>
<!-- Start loading toc.js asap -->
<script src="toc-0e4ce700.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<div id="mdbook-help-container">
<div id="mdbook-help-popup">
<h2 class="mdbook-help-title">Keyboard shortcuts</h2>
<div>
<p>Press <kbd>←</kbd> or <kbd>→</kbd> to navigate between chapters</p>
<p>Press <kbd>S</kbd> or <kbd>/</kbd> to search in the book</p>
<p>Press <kbd>?</kbd> to show this help</p>
<p>Press <kbd>Esc</kbd> to hide this help</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="mdbook-body-container">
<!-- Work around some values being stored in localStorage wrapped in quotes -->
<script>
try {
let theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme');
let sidebar = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-sidebar');
if (theme.startsWith('"') && theme.endsWith('"')) {
localStorage.setItem('mdbook-theme', theme.slice(1, theme.length - 1));
}
if (sidebar.startsWith('"') && sidebar.endsWith('"')) {
localStorage.setItem('mdbook-sidebar', sidebar.slice(1, sidebar.length - 1));
}
} catch (e) { }
</script>
<!-- Set the theme before any content is loaded, prevents flash -->
<script>
const default_theme = window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches ? default_dark_theme : default_light_theme;
let theme;
try { theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme'); } catch(e) { }
if (theme === null || theme === undefined) { theme = default_theme; }
const html = document.documentElement;
html.classList.remove('light')
html.classList.add(theme);
html.classList.add("js");
</script>
<input type="checkbox" id="mdbook-sidebar-toggle-anchor" class="hidden">
<!-- Hide / unhide sidebar before it is displayed -->
<script>
let sidebar = null;
const sidebar_toggle = document.getElementById("mdbook-sidebar-toggle-anchor");
if (document.body.clientWidth >= 1080) {
try { sidebar = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-sidebar'); } catch(e) { }
sidebar = sidebar || 'visible';
} else {
sidebar = 'hidden';
sidebar_toggle.checked = false;
}
if (sidebar === 'visible') {
sidebar_toggle.checked = true;
} else {
html.classList.remove('sidebar-visible');
}
</script>
<nav id="mdbook-sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
<!-- populated by js -->
<mdbook-sidebar-scrollbox class="sidebar-scrollbox"></mdbook-sidebar-scrollbox>
<noscript>
<iframe class="sidebar-iframe-outer" src="toc.html"></iframe>
</noscript>
<div id="mdbook-sidebar-resize-handle" class="sidebar-resize-handle">
<div class="sidebar-resize-indicator"></div>
</div>
</nav>
<div id="mdbook-page-wrapper" class="page-wrapper">
<div class="page">
<div id="mdbook-menu-bar-hover-placeholder"></div>
<div id="mdbook-menu-bar" class="menu-bar sticky">
<div class="left-buttons">
<label id="mdbook-sidebar-toggle" class="icon-button" for="mdbook-sidebar-toggle-anchor" title="Toggle Table of Contents" aria-label="Toggle Table of Contents" aria-controls="mdbook-sidebar">
<span class=fa-svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.2.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2022 Fonticons, Inc. --><path d="M0 96C0 78.3 14.3 64 32 64H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H32C14.3 128 0 113.7 0 96zM0 256c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32zM448 416c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32z"/></svg></span>
</label>
<button id="mdbook-theme-toggle" class="icon-button" type="button" title="Change theme" aria-label="Change theme" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="mdbook-theme-list">
<span class=fa-svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 576 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.2.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2022 Fonticons, Inc. --><path d="M371.3 367.1c27.3-3.9 51.9-19.4 67.2-42.9L600.2 74.1c12.6-19.5 9.4-45.3-7.6-61.2S549.7-4.4 531.1 9.6L294.4 187.2c-24 18-38.2 46.1-38.4 76.1L371.3 367.1zm-19.6 25.4l-116-104.4C175.9 290.3 128 339.6 128 400c0 3.9 .2 7.8 .6 11.6c1.8 17.5-10.2 36.4-27.8 36.4H96c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32H240c61.9 0 112-50.1 112-112c0-2.5-.1-5-.2-7.5z"/></svg></span>
</button>
<ul id="mdbook-theme-list" class="theme-popup" aria-label="Themes" role="menu">
<li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="mdbook-theme-default_theme">Auto</button></li>
<li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="mdbook-theme-light">Light</button></li>
<li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="mdbook-theme-rust">Rust</button></li>
<li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="mdbook-theme-coal">Coal</button></li>
<li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="mdbook-theme-navy">Navy</button></li>
<li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="mdbook-theme-ayu">Ayu</button></li>
</ul>
<button id="mdbook-search-toggle" class="icon-button" type="button" title="Search (`/`)" aria-label="Toggle Searchbar" aria-expanded="false" aria-keyshortcuts="/ s" aria-controls="mdbook-searchbar">
<span class=fa-svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.2.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2022 Fonticons, Inc. --><path d="M416 208c0 45.9-14.9 88.3-40 122.7L502.6 457.4c12.5 12.5 12.5 32.8 0 45.3s-32.8 12.5-45.3 0L330.7 376c-34.4 25.2-76.8 40-122.7 40C93.1 416 0 322.9 0 208S93.1 0 208 0S416 93.1 416 208zM208 352c79.5 0 144-64.5 144-144s-64.5-144-144-144S64 128.5 64 208s64.5 144 144 144z"/></svg></span>
</button>
</div>
<h1 class="menu-title">The Rust Programming Language</h1>
<div class="right-buttons">
<a href="print.html" title="Print this book" aria-label="Print this book">
<span class=fa-svg id="print-button"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.2.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2022 Fonticons, Inc. --><path d="M128 0C92.7 0 64 28.7 64 64v96h64V64H354.7L384 93.3V160h64V93.3c0-17-6.7-33.3-18.7-45.3L400 18.7C388 6.7 371.7 0 354.7 0H128zM384 352v32 64H128V384 368 352H384zm64 32h32c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V256c0-35.3-28.7-64-64-64H64c-35.3 0-64 28.7-64 64v96c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32H64v64c0 35.3 28.7 64 64 64H384c35.3 0 64-28.7 64-64V384zm-16-88c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24s10.7-24 24-24s24 10.7 24 24s-10.7 24-24 24z"/></svg></span>
</a>
<a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/book" title="Git repository" aria-label="Git repository">
<span class=fa-svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 496 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.2.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2022 Fonticons, Inc. --><path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6zm-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3zm44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9zM244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8zM97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1zm-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7zm32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1zm-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9 1.6 2.3 4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3 1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2z"/></svg></span>
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div id="mdbook-search-wrapper" class="hidden">
<form id="mdbook-searchbar-outer" class="searchbar-outer">
<div class="search-wrapper">
<input type="search" id="mdbook-searchbar" name="searchbar" placeholder="Search this book ..." aria-controls="mdbook-searchresults-outer" aria-describedby="searchresults-header">
<div class="spinner-wrapper">
<span class=fa-svg id="fa-spin"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.2.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2022 Fonticons, Inc. --><path d="M304 48c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48s-48 21.5-48 48s21.5 48 48 48s48-21.5 48-48zm0 416c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48s-48 21.5-48 48s21.5 48 48 48s48-21.5 48-48zM48 304c26.5 0 48-21.5 48-48s-21.5-48-48-48s-48 21.5-48 48s21.5 48 48 48zm464-48c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48s-48 21.5-48 48s21.5 48 48 48s48-21.5 48-48zM142.9 437c18.7-18.7 18.7-49.1 0-67.9s-49.1-18.7-67.9 0s-18.7 49.1 0 67.9s49.1 18.7 67.9 0zm0-294.2c18.7-18.7 18.7-49.1 0-67.9S93.7 56.2 75 75s-18.7 49.1 0 67.9s49.1 18.7 67.9 0zM369.1 437c18.7 18.7 49.1 18.7 67.9 0s18.7-49.1 0-67.9s-49.1-18.7-67.9 0s-18.7 49.1 0 67.9z"/></svg></span>
</div>
</div>
</form>
<div id="mdbook-searchresults-outer" class="searchresults-outer hidden">
<div id="mdbook-searchresults-header" class="searchresults-header"></div>
<ul id="mdbook-searchresults">
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Apply ARIA attributes after the sidebar and the sidebar toggle button are added to the DOM -->
<script>
document.getElementById('mdbook-sidebar-toggle').setAttribute('aria-expanded', sidebar === 'visible');
document.getElementById('mdbook-sidebar').setAttribute('aria-hidden', sidebar !== 'visible');
Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('#mdbook-sidebar a')).forEach(function(link) {
link.setAttribute('tabIndex', sidebar === 'visible' ? 0 : -1);
});
</script>
<div id="mdbook-content" class="content">
<main>
<h2 id="refutability-whether-a-pattern-might-fail-to-match"><a class="header" href="#refutability-whether-a-pattern-might-fail-to-match">Refutability: Whether a Pattern Might Fail to Match</a></h2>
<p>Patterns come in two forms: refutable and irrefutable. Patterns that will match
for any possible value passed are <em>irrefutable</em>. An example would be <code>x</code> in the
statement <code>let x = 5;</code> because <code>x</code> matches anything and therefore cannot fail
to match. Patterns that can fail to match for some possible value are
<em>refutable</em>. An example would be <code>Some(x)</code> in the expression <code>if let Some(x) = a_value</code> because if the value in the <code>a_value</code> variable is <code>None</code> rather than
<code>Some</code>, the <code>Some(x)</code> pattern will not match.</p>
<p>Function parameters, <code>let</code> statements, and <code>for</code> loops can only accept
irrefutable patterns because the program cannot do anything meaningful when
values don’t match. The <code>if let</code> and <code>while let</code> expressions and the
<code>let...else</code> statement accept refutable and irrefutable patterns, but the
compiler warns against irrefutable patterns because, by definition, they’re
intended to handle possible failure: The functionality of a conditional is in
its ability to perform differently depending on success or failure.</p>
<p>In general, you shouldn’t have to worry about the distinction between refutable
and irrefutable patterns; however, you do need to be familiar with the concept
of refutability so that you can respond when you see it in an error message. In
those cases, you’ll need to change either the pattern or the construct you’re
using the pattern with, depending on the intended behavior of the code.</p>
<p>Let’s look at an example of what happens when we try to use a refutable pattern
where Rust requires an irrefutable pattern and vice versa. Listing 19-8 shows a
<code>let</code> statement, but for the pattern, we’ve specified <code>Some(x)</code>, a refutable
pattern. As you might expect, this code will not compile.</p>
<figure class="listing" id="listing-19-8">
<pre><code class="language-rust ignore does_not_compile"><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span><span class="boring"> let some_option_value: Option&lt;i32&gt; = None;
</span> let Some(x) = some_option_value;
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre>
<figcaption><a href="#listing-19-8">Listing 19-8</a>: Attempting to use a refutable pattern with <code>let</code></figcaption>
</figure>
<p>If <code>some_option_value</code> were a <code>None</code> value, it would fail to match the pattern
<code>Some(x)</code>, meaning the pattern is refutable. However, the <code>let</code> statement can
only accept an irrefutable pattern because there is nothing valid the code can
do with a <code>None</code> value. At compile time, Rust will complain that we’ve tried to
use a refutable pattern where an irrefutable pattern is required:</p>
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo run
Compiling patterns v0.1.0 (file:///projects/patterns)
error[E0005]: refutable pattern in local binding
--&gt; src/main.rs:3:9
|
3 | let Some(x) = some_option_value;
| ^^^^^^^ pattern `None` not covered
|
= note: `let` bindings require an "irrefutable pattern", like a `struct` or an `enum` with only one variant
= note: for more information, visit https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-02-refutability.html
= note: the matched value is of type `Option&lt;i32&gt;`
help: you might want to use `let else` to handle the variant that isn't matched
|
3 | let Some(x) = some_option_value else { todo!() };
| ++++++++++++++++
For more information about this error, try `rustc --explain E0005`.
error: could not compile `patterns` (bin "patterns") due to 1 previous error
</code></pre>
<p>Because we didn’t cover (and couldn’t cover!) every valid value with the
pattern <code>Some(x)</code>, Rust rightfully produces a compiler error.</p>
<p>If we have a refutable pattern where an irrefutable pattern is needed, we can
fix it by changing the code that uses the pattern: Instead of using <code>let</code>, we
can use <code>let...else</code>. Then, if the pattern doesn’t match, the code in the curly
brackets will handle the value. Listing 19-9 shows how to fix the code in
Listing 19-8.</p>
<figure class="listing" id="listing-19-9">
<pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2024"><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span><span class="boring"> let some_option_value: Option&lt;i32&gt; = None;
</span> let Some(x) = some_option_value else {
return;
};
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre>
<figcaption><a href="#listing-19-9">Listing 19-9</a>: Using <code>let...else</code> and a block with refutable patterns instead of <code>let</code></figcaption>
</figure>
<p>We’ve given the code an out! This code is perfectly valid, although it means we
cannot use an irrefutable pattern without receiving a warning. If we give
<code>let...else</code> a pattern that will always match, such as <code>x</code>, as shown in Listing
19-10, the compiler will give a warning.</p>
<figure class="listing" id="listing-19-10">
<pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2024"><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span> let x = 5 else {
return;
};
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre>
<figcaption><a href="#listing-19-10">Listing 19-10</a>: Attempting to use an irrefutable pattern with <code>let...else</code></figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Rust complains that it doesn’t make sense to use <code>let...else</code> with an
irrefutable pattern:</p>
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo run
Compiling patterns v0.1.0 (file:///projects/patterns)
warning: irrefutable `let...else` pattern
--&gt; src/main.rs:2:5
|
2 | let x = 5 else {
| ^^^^^^^^^
|
= note: this pattern will always match, so the `else` clause is useless
= help: consider removing the `else` clause
= note: `#[warn(irrefutable_let_patterns)]` on by default
warning: `patterns` (bin "patterns") generated 1 warning
Finished `dev` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.39s
Running `target/debug/patterns`
</code></pre>
<p>For this reason, match arms must use refutable patterns, except for the last
arm, which should match any remaining values with an irrefutable pattern. Rust
allows us to use an irrefutable pattern in a <code>match</code> with only one arm, but
this syntax isn’t particularly useful and could be replaced with a simpler
<code>let</code> statement.</p>
<p>Now that you know where to use patterns and the difference between refutable
and irrefutable patterns, let’s cover all the syntax we can use to create
patterns.</p>
</main>
<nav class="nav-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation">
<!-- Mobile navigation buttons -->
<a rel="prev" href="ch19-01-all-the-places-for-patterns.html" class="mobile-nav-chapters previous" title="Previous chapter" aria-label="Previous chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Left">
<span class=fa-svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.2.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2022 Fonticons, Inc. --><path d="M41.4 233.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3l160 160c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0s12.5-32.8 0-45.3L109.3 256 246.6 118.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3s-32.8-12.5-45.3 0l-160 160z"/></svg></span>
</a>
<a rel="next prefetch" href="ch19-03-pattern-syntax.html" class="mobile-nav-chapters next" title="Next chapter" aria-label="Next chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Right">
<span class=fa-svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.2.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2022 Fonticons, Inc. --><path d="M278.6 233.4c12.5 12.5 12.5 32.8 0 45.3l-160 160c-12.5 12.5-32.8 12.5-45.3 0s-12.5-32.8 0-45.3L210.7 256 73.4 118.6c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.8 0-45.3s32.8-12.5 45.3 0l160 160z"/></svg></span>
</a>
<div style="clear: both"></div>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
<nav class="nav-wide-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation">
<a rel="prev" href="ch19-01-all-the-places-for-patterns.html" class="nav-chapters previous" title="Previous chapter" aria-label="Previous chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Left">
<span class=fa-svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.2.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2022 Fonticons, Inc. --><path d="M41.4 233.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3l160 160c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0s12.5-32.8 0-45.3L109.3 256 246.6 118.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3s-32.8-12.5-45.3 0l-160 160z"/></svg></span>
</a>
<a rel="next prefetch" href="ch19-03-pattern-syntax.html" class="nav-chapters next" title="Next chapter" aria-label="Next chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Right">
<span class=fa-svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.2.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2022 Fonticons, Inc. --><path d="M278.6 233.4c12.5 12.5 12.5 32.8 0 45.3l-160 160c-12.5 12.5-32.8 12.5-45.3 0s-12.5-32.8 0-45.3L210.7 256 73.4 118.6c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.8 0-45.3s32.8-12.5 45.3 0l160 160z"/></svg></span>
</a>
</nav>
</div>
<template id=fa-eye><span class=fa-svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 576 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.2.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2022 Fonticons, Inc. --><path d="M288 32c-80.8 0-145.5 36.8-192.6 80.6C48.6 156 17.3 208 2.5 243.7c-3.3 7.9-3.3 16.7 0 24.6C17.3 304 48.6 356 95.4 399.4C142.5 443.2 207.2 480 288 480s145.5-36.8 192.6-80.6c46.8-43.5 78.1-95.4 93-131.1c3.3-7.9 3.3-16.7 0-24.6c-14.9-35.7-46.2-87.7-93-131.1C433.5 68.8 368.8 32 288 32zM432 256c0 79.5-64.5 144-144 144s-144-64.5-144-144s64.5-144 144-144s144 64.5 144 144zM288 192c0 35.3-28.7 64-64 64c-11.5 0-22.3-3-31.6-8.4c-.2 2.8-.4 5.5-.4 8.4c0 53 43 96 96 96s96-43 96-96s-43-96-96-96c-2.8 0-5.6 .1-8.4 .4c5.3 9.3 8.4 20.1 8.4 31.6z"/></svg></span></template>
<template id=fa-eye-slash><span class=fa-svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 640 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.2.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2022 Fonticons, Inc. --><path d="M38.8 5.1C28.4-3.1 13.3-1.2 5.1 9.2S-1.2 34.7 9.2 42.9l592 464c10.4 8.2 25.5 6.3 33.7-4.1s6.3-25.5-4.1-33.7L525.6 386.7c39.6-40.6 66.4-86.1 79.9-118.4c3.3-7.9 3.3-16.7 0-24.6c-14.9-35.7-46.2-87.7-93-131.1C465.5 68.8 400.8 32 320 32c-68.2 0-125 26.3-169.3 60.8L38.8 5.1zM223.1 149.5C248.6 126.2 282.7 112 320 112c79.5 0 144 64.5 144 144c0 24.9-6.3 48.3-17.4 68.7L408 294.5c5.2-11.8 8-24.8 8-38.5c0-53-43-96-96-96c-2.8 0-5.6 .1-8.4 .4c5.3 9.3 8.4 20.1 8.4 31.6c0 10.2-2.4 19.8-6.6 28.3l-90.3-70.8zm223.1 298L373 389.9c-16.4 6.5-34.3 10.1-53 10.1c-79.5 0-144-64.5-144-144c0-6.9 .5-13.6 1.4-20.2L83.1 161.5C60.3 191.2 44 220.8 34.5 243.7c-3.3 7.9-3.3 16.7 0 24.6c14.9 35.7 46.2 87.7 93 131.1C174.5 443.2 239.2 480 320 480c47.8 0 89.9-12.9 126.2-32.5z"/></svg></span></template>
<template id=fa-copy><span class=fa-svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.2.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2022 Fonticons, Inc. --><path d="M502.6 70.63l-61.25-61.25C435.4 3.371 427.2 0 418.7 0H255.1c-35.35 0-64 28.66-64 64l.0195 256C192 355.4 220.7 384 256 384h192c35.2 0 64-28.8 64-64V93.25C512 84.77 508.6 76.63 502.6 70.63zM464 320c0 8.836-7.164 16-16 16H255.1c-8.838 0-16-7.164-16-16L239.1 64.13c0-8.836 7.164-16 16-16h128L384 96c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h47.1V320zM272 448c0 8.836-7.164 16-16 16H63.1c-8.838 0-16-7.164-16-16L47.98 192.1c0-8.836 7.164-16 16-16H160V128H63.99c-35.35 0-64 28.65-64 64l.0098 256C.002 483.3 28.66 512 64 512h192c35.2 0 64-28.8 64-64v-32h-47.1L272 448z"/></svg></span></template>
<template id=fa-play><span class=fa-svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 384 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.2.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2022 Fonticons, Inc. --><path d="M73 39c-14.8-9.1-33.4-9.4-48.5-.9S0 62.6 0 80V432c0 17.4 9.4 33.4 24.5 41.9s33.7 8.1 48.5-.9L361 297c14.3-8.7 23-24.2 23-41s-8.7-32.2-23-41L73 39z"/></svg></span></template>
<template id=fa-clock-rotate-left><span class=fa-svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.2.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2022 Fonticons, Inc. --><path d="M75 75L41 41C25.9 25.9 0 36.6 0 57.9V168c0 13.3 10.7 24 24 24H134.1c21.4 0 32.1-25.9 17-41l-30.8-30.8C155 85.5 203 64 256 64c106 0 192 86 192 192s-86 192-192 192c-40.8 0-78.6-12.7-109.7-34.4c-14.5-10.1-34.4-6.6-44.6 7.9s-6.6 34.4 7.9 44.6C151.2 495 201.7 512 256 512c141.4 0 256-114.6 256-256S397.4 0 256 0C185.3 0 121.3 28.7 75 75zm181 53c-13.3 0-24 10.7-24 24V256c0 6.4 2.5 12.5 7 17l72 72c9.4 9.4 24.6 9.4 33.9 0s9.4-24.6 0-33.9l-65-65V152c0-13.3-10.7-24-24-24z"/></svg></span></template>
<script>
window.playground_copyable = true;
</script>
<script src="elasticlunr-ef4e11c1.min.js"></script>
<script src="mark-09e88c2c.min.js"></script>
<script src="searcher-09f2665d.js"></script>
<script src="clipboard-1626706a.min.js"></script>
<script src="highlight-abc7f01d.js"></script>
<script src="book-c22b7243.js"></script>
<!-- Custom JS scripts -->
<script src="ferris-2317480c.js"></script>
</div>
</body>
</html>