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<main>
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<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
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<p><a id="comparing-performance-loops-vs-iterators"></a></p>
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<h2 id="performance-in-loops-vs-iterators"><a class="header" href="#performance-in-loops-vs-iterators">Performance in Loops vs. Iterators</a></h2>
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<p>To determine whether to use loops or iterators, you need to know which
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implementation is faster: the version of the <code>search</code> function with an explicit
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<code>for</code> loop or the version with iterators.</p>
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<p>We ran a benchmark by loading the entire contents of <em>The Adventures of
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Sherlock Holmes</em> by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle into a <code>String</code> and looking for the
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word <em>the</em> in the contents. Here are the results of the benchmark on the
|
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version of <code>search</code> using the <code>for</code> loop and the version using iterators:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-text">test bench_search_for ... bench: 19,620,300 ns/iter (+/- 915,700)
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test bench_search_iter ... bench: 19,234,900 ns/iter (+/- 657,200)
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</code></pre>
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<p>The two implementations have similar performance! We won’t explain the
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benchmark code here because the point is not to prove that the two versions
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are equivalent but to get a general sense of how these two implementations
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compare performance-wise.</p>
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<p>For a more comprehensive benchmark, you should check using various texts of
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various sizes as the <code>contents</code>, different words and words of different lengths
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as the <code>query</code>, and all kinds of other variations. The point is this:
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Iterators, although a high-level abstraction, get compiled down to roughly the
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same code as if you’d written the lower-level code yourself. Iterators are one
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of Rust’s <em>zero-cost abstractions</em>, by which we mean that using the abstraction
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||
imposes no additional runtime overhead. This is analogous to how Bjarne
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||
Stroustrup, the original designer and implementor of C++, defines
|
||
zero-overhead in his 2012 ETAPS keynote presentation “Foundations of C++”:</p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<p>In general, C++ implementations obey the zero-overhead principle: What you
|
||
don’t use, you don’t pay for. And further: What you do use, you couldn’t hand
|
||
code any better.</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p>In many cases, Rust code using iterators compiles to the same assembly you’d
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||
write by hand. Optimizations such as loop unrolling and eliminating bounds
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checking on array access apply and make the resultant code extremely efficient.
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Now that you know this, you can use iterators and closures without fear! They
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make code seem like it’s higher level but don’t impose a runtime performance
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penalty for doing so.</p>
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<h2 id="summary"><a class="header" href="#summary">Summary</a></h2>
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<p>Closures and iterators are Rust features inspired by functional programming
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language ideas. They contribute to Rust’s capability to clearly express
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high-level ideas at low-level performance. The implementations of closures and
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iterators are such that runtime performance is not affected. This is part of
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Rust’s goal to strive to provide zero-cost abstractions.</p>
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||
<p>Now that we’ve improved the expressiveness of our I/O project, let’s look at
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some more features of <code>cargo</code> that will help us share the project with the
|
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world.</p>
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